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IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

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IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:47 am

What a terrible history we have had in Ireland's history this period not many people know about


The Irish Famine Of 1741

The coldest year on the Central England Temperature record was 1740, which came in at an astonishing low of 6.8C. To put this into perspective, last year was 9.7C, and the previous occasion annual temperatures had dipped below 9.0C was 1725.

Make no mistake, it was a horrifically grim year, and not just in England. Much of NW Europe was similarly affected, but possibly Ireland was worst of all hit, where it led to the famine of 1740-41

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:49 am

The Irish Famine of 1740–1741 (Irish: Bliain an Áir, meaning the Year of Slaughter) in the Kingdom of Ireland was perhaps of similar magnitude to the better-known Great Famine of 1845–1852. Unlike the famine of the 1840s, which was caused in part by a fungal infection in the potato crop and, separately, extreme government regulations, that of 1740–41 was due to extremely cold and then rainy weather in successive years, resulting in a series of poor harvests. Hunger compounded a range of fatal diseases. The cold and its effects extended across Europe, and it is now seen to be the last serious cold period at the end of the Little Ice Age of about 1400–1800.

An extraordinary climatic shock, "The Great Frost" struck Ireland and the rest of Europe between December 1739 and September 1741, after a decade of relatively mild winters. Its cause remains unknown. Charting its course sharply illuminates the connectivity between climate change and famine, epidemic disease, economies, energy sources, and politics. The crisis of 1740-1741 should not be confused with the equally devastating Great Famine in Ireland of the 1840s.

Though no barometric or temperature readings for Ireland (population in 1740 of 2.4 million people) survive from the Great Frost, English people were using the mercury thermometer invented 25 years earlier by the German pioneer Fahrenheit. Indoor values during January 1740 were as low as 10 °F (−12 °C). This kind of weather was “quite outside the Irish experience,” notes David Dickson, author of Arctic Ireland: The Extraordinary Story of the Great Frost and Forgotten Famine of 1740-41.

During the ramp up to the crisis in January 1740, the winds and terrible cold intensified, yet barely any snow fell. Ireland was locked into a stable and vast high-pressure system which affected most of Europe, from Scandinavia and Russia to northern Italy, in a broadly similar way. Rivers, lakes, and waterfalls froze and fish died in these first weeks of the Great Frost. People tried to avoid hypothermia without using up winter fuel reserves in a matter of days. People who lived in the country were probably better off than city dwellers, because the former lived in cabins that lay against turf stacks, while the latter, especially the poor, dwelt in freezing basements and garret dwellings.

Coal dealers and shippers during normal times ferried coal from Cumbria and south Wales to east and south-coast ports in Ireland, but the ice-bound quays and frozen coal yards temporarily froze trade. When in late January 1740 the traffic across the Irish Sea resumed, retail prices for coal soared. Desperate people then stripped bare hedges, fine trees, and nurseries around Dublin to obtain substitute fuel. Also affected by the Frost were the pre-industrial town mill-wheels, which froze. Water powered the machinery which ground wheat for the bakers, tucked cloth for the weavers, pulped rags for the printers. As a result, the abrupt weather change disrupted craft employment and food processing. The intense cold even snuffed out the oil lamps lighting the streets of Dublin, plunging it into darkness.

In spring 1740, the expected rains did not come, and though the Frost dissipated, the temperatures remained low and the northerly winds fierce. The drought killed off animals in the field, particularly sheep in Connacht and black cattle in the south, and struck farmers, by the end of April, by destroying much of the tillage crops sown the previous autumn (wheat and barley). Grains were so scarce that the Irish hierarchy of the Catholic Church allowed Catholics to eat meat four days each week during Lent. The potato crisis caused an increase in grain prices, which translated into smaller and smaller loaves of bread for the old price. Dickson explains that the “wholesale rise in the price of wheat, oats and barley reflected not just the current supply position, but the dealers’ assessment as to the state of things later in the year.”

By summer 1740, the Frost had decimated the potatoes and the drought had decimated the grain harvest and herds of cattle and sheep. Starving rural dwellers started a “mass vagrancy” towards the better-supplied towns, such as Cork in southern Ireland, where beggars lined the streets by mid-June 1740.

In autumn 1740, a meagre harvest commenced and prices in the towns started to fall. Cattle began to recover, but in the dairying districts, cows had been so weak after the Frost that at least a third of them had failed to “take bull”. This meant that fewer calves, less milk, and less butter were future realities.

To make things worse, blizzards swept along the east coast in late October 1740 depositing snow and returned several times in November. Then a massive rain downpour occurred on December 9, 1740, causing widespread flooding. A day after the floods, the temperature plummeted, snow fell, and rivers and other bodies of water froze. Warm temperatures followed the cold snap, which lasted about ten days. Great chunks of ice careened down the Liffey River through the heart of Dublin, overturning light vessels and causing larger vessels to break anchor.

The strange autumn of 1740 pushed food prices back up, e.g., Dublin wheat prices on December 20 were at an all-time high.



In the first week of July 1741, grain prices at last decreased and old hoarded wheat suddenly flooded the market. Five vessels loaded with grain, presumably from America, reached Galway in June 1741. The quality of the Autumn harvest of 1741 was mixed. The food crisis was over, however, and seasons of rare plenty followed for the next two years.

Documentation of deaths was poor during the Great Frost. Cemeteries provide fragmentary information, e.g., during February and March 1740, 47 children were buried in St. Catherine’s parish. The normal death rate tripled in January and February 1740, and burials averaged out about 50% higher during the twenty-one-month crisis than for the years 1737-1739, according to Dickson. Summing up all his sources, Dickson suggests two estimates: 1) that 38% of the Irish population died during the crisis and 2) that between 13-20% excess mortality occurred for 1740-1741.

The year 1741, during which the famine was at its worst and mortality was greatest, was known in folk memory as the "Year of the Slaughter" (or "bliain an áir" in Irish)...

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:51 am

1845 --50 :?: :arrow:
.The harvest of 1847 was a success. Tragically, however, so many people had been on the Public Works schemes and not on their farms, that too few potatoes had been planted that Spring. So it turned out that the relief measures were going to have to be extended into the winter of 1847-48 to make up the food deficit.

The government had felt that, with the anticipated harvest due in Autumn [Fall] 1847, the worst was now over. They decided that the workhouses, which operated as part of the pre-famine Poor Law system, should be made primarily responsible for relief, with soup kitchens only provided if absolutely necessary. Recall that the workhouses had been built with a capacity of 100,000. At the end of January 1847, they were housing 108,000. However, this was not evenly distributed: one of the worst examples was Kanturk workhouse in county Cork which, with a capacity of 800, was housing 1,653 people at one point. The government embarked on a scheme of expansion of the workhouses. They encouraged the local Poor Law Unions to build extra shelters and rent buildings for use as 'temporary' workhouses. They also built extensions to the workhouses. By March 1847, design capacity had increased to 114,000. In July 1849, 200,000 people were living in workhouses, with 800,000 getting relief outside. The design capacity reached 309,000 in 1851.

Throughout the rest of the famine period, which is generally regarded as ending in 1849, the workhouses never managed to keep up with demand, so overcrowding was always present. A charity worker who visited one workhouse wrote "In the bedrooms we entered there was not a mattress of any kind to be seen; the floors were strewed with a little dirty straw, and the poor creatures were thus littered down as close together as might be, in order to get the largest possible under one miserable rug - in some cases six children, for blankets we did not see" [2 p245]. An inspector to Lurgan workhouse, in county Armagh, in February 1847 wrote: "the supply of clothes was quite inadequate, and it had hence become necessary to use the linen of some of those who had died of fever and dysentery, without time having been afforded to have it washed and dried; and that, from the same cause, damp beds had in many instances been made use of" Clearly, workhouses were terrible places to end up.

The new relief measures were passed under the Irish Poor Law Extension Act in June 1847. They were to derive all their money from local funds, in the form of accumulating debt. (In the end, most of this money was never repayed.) One provision of the Act, the so-called Gregory Clause (named after William Gregory, an MP for Dublin who suggested it) exempted from relief anybody who owned more than a quarter of an acre of land. This clause was widely misinterpreted, and some who should have qualified for relief were refused. Many unscrupulous landlords used the Gregory Clause as an excuse to evict thousands of unwanted cottiers from their estates. Those made homeless by these evictions were forced to join the workhouses or to built woefully inadequate shelters on other people's land. The picture below shows a village at Erris, county Mayo, after the landlord had evicted the residents

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:54 am

IMAGES OF EVICTION
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:56 am

with a few bits of belongings
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 12:59 am

A Mayo village after evictions

To the anguish of the people, the Potato Blight struck the harvest of 1848, wiping out most of the crop. With the continued improvements to the workhouses, deaths from starvation were not as great in 1848 as they had been in 1847. Nevertheless, the winter of 1848 to 1849 was a hard one and disease helped to wipe out tens of thousands more people. Even doctors themselves were infected. The Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medical Science wrote "From several districts of Ireland, where the late epidemic committed fearful ravages, no reports have been received. In many cases we regret to say that this has been caused by the lamentable mortality amongst our professional brethren" [2 p310].

The diseases, mainly fever and dysentry, finally began to wane after the winter. In Dublin, it was declared over in February 1848, but in most areas it lingered for another one or two years. Many of these people died merely because they had been weakened by hunger. If they had not been suffering from malnutrition, many may well have survived. The government began a campaign to try to get farmers to grow green vegetables and other root crops other than potatoes and, while they met success in some areas, most farmers could not be persuaded to give up their traditional methods. The Society of Friends purchased and operated a 'model farm' to teach farmers new methods of agriculture.

The Potato Blight struck yet again in the harvest of Autumn [Fall] 1849, but not at the same intensity that it had in 1848. Things were complicated when an epidemic of Cholera broke out in the winter of 1848 to 1849. It reached its peak in May and died away by the summer. The disease was coincidental to the famine, and struck in Britain as well. It did not differentiate between rich and poor. At the time it was not known how Cholera spread, and there were fierce arguments about whether or not victims should be segregated from those who were not ill. (We now know that Cholera spreads through contaminated water, not by contact.) The epidemic was heaviest in the towns, with the worst effects being Drogheda, Galway, Belfast, Limerick, Waterford, Kilkenny and Cork. We have no reliable way of knowing how many died in the epidemic, but it acted as the final insult of the Famine period.

The workhouses continued to manage the relief effort, and herein lies the difficulty in determining when exactly the 'end' of the famine was. Many of the destitute had ended up with nothing, and therefore found it very difficult to get out of the workhouses again. The famine ended gradually, with recovery spreading from east to west, as the capacity of the workhouses increased and the number of inmates decreased. By 1849-1850 the workhouses had enough capacity to take appropriate care of all the destitute. Emigration also continued, although not quite at the levels of 1847. Approximately 200,000 per year left between 1848 and 1852 inclusive. Most of these travelled to America.

The Extension Act of 1847 indicated that the government believed that the famine was over, and this view was not reversed in the light of the crop failure of 1848. This premature decision no doubt contributed to the deaths that continued to occur in both the winters of 1847-48 and 1848-49. During the famine, total relief expenditure was £8 million by the government, £7 million from Irish taxes and well over £1 million from landlords [1]. This still only amounted to 2 to 3% of the total government expenditure during those years, and academics argue over whether, given the UK's poor financial state at the time, any more could have been spent. Nevertheless, this value of 2-3% does seem anomalous given that the government found £100 million to spend on a war with Turkey.

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 1:04 am

by any means to evict
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 1:07 am

of course some thought it was funny
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 1:08 am

the man in charge
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 3:21 pm

Marvellous information and history JOE keep up great work ..Luv reading it at nights
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 4:34 pm

Tricia » Sun Jan 25, 2015 3:21 pm wrote:Marvellous information and history JOE keeel up great wirk ..Luv reading it at nights



much more to follow watch this space :mrgreen:

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 8:05 pm

One of the many tragic ironies of famine stricken Ireland is that as people died of starvation, thousands of tons of grain that could have saved them was instead shipped out of the country.

How could such a seemingly perverse and inhuman policy be allowed to continue?

The answer lies in the political and economic beliefs of the British ruling classes at the time
. The Whig government of Prime Minister Lord John Russell had an unshakeable belief in free trade.
They were opposed to anything that would distort the market and damage the balance of supply and demand.

This was an approach enthusiastically enforced by Charles Trevelyan – the Secretary of the Treasury and the man in charge of famine relief in Ireland.

His main priority, far above that of feeding the starving, was that there should be no interference with free trade. If landowners could earn more for Irish produced grain by selling it in England or in Europe rather than making it available to the destitute in Ireland then so be it.

Charles Edward Trevelyan thought Irish famine was a 'mechanism for removing surplus population'

This caused enormous resentment in Ireland and was even too much to take for some of Trevelyan’s own administrators. In the summer of 1846, the Commissary General Sir Randolph Routh, urged that Irish ports should be closed to prevent the export of grain.

Trevelyan flatly refused and wrote back saying: “Do not encourage the idea of prohibiting exports, perfect Free Trade is the right course.”

Routh stood his ground and again insisted that it was essential to close the ports. Otherwise more than 60,000 tons of grain that could be used to feed the starving would instead be shipped abroad. He said was a “serious evil” to export food in the middle of such a crisis.

Trevelyan, with the full backing of the government, would not be moved. He replied: “We beg of you not to countenance in any way the idea of prohibiting exportation. There cannot be a doubt that it would inflict a permanent injury on the country.”

From the outset, the Irish were left in no doubt as to the approach to be taken by Trevelyan. He made his position clear as soon as he came to office by closing down the depots providing maize for the poor which had been set up by the previous government of Sir Robert Peel the year before at the outbreak of the famine.
He wanted there to be no free hand-outs to the poor.
Trevelyan increased public works
Instead, he increased the public works projects, ensuring that that the starving would have to work to earn some money if they wanted to be fed. These work projects were carefully designed so they did not interfere or compete with private enterprise. Therefore they were confined to areas such as building roads and walls, or repairing fences – the kind of projects that would not interest businesses as they would not be sufficiently profitable.

All these works were financed out of local Irish taxes. The cost to the central Treasury was to be kept to a minimum.

As the death toll mounted in September and October, the clamour for the government to provide more help grew so strong it could no longer be ignored. The Belfast newspaper the Vindicator captured the national mood in this article published on 3 October 1846.

“Give us food or we perish,” is now the loudest cry that is heard in this unfortunate country. It is heard in every corner of the island – it breaks in like some awful spectre on the festive revelry of the rich – it startles and appals the merchant at his desk, the landlord in his office, the scholar in his study, the minister in his council room, and the priest at the altar.

“Give us food or we perish.”

It is a strange popular cry to be heard within the limits of the powerful and wealthy British Empire. Russia wants liberty, Prussia wants a constitution, Switzerland wants religion, Spain wants a king, Ireland alone wants food.

Give us food or we perish - the cry of the starving in Ireland

Trevelyan reluctantly accepted that something would have to be done, although his heart wasn’t really in it. He tried to buy corn abroad as Sir Robert Peel’s government had done the year before with admirable haste, but it proved hard to find. The European harvest had been low that summer and there was very little surplus available. America had supplies but attempts to ship it to Ireland would be hampered by the coming winter which would freeze the trade lines of the American rivers.

In the meantime, the public works schemes designed to give the poor the chance to earn money for food were running into difficulties. There were delays in getting them started due poor administration and once they did get going there were further delays due to lack of equipment and skilled engineers to oversee the work.

Then, as everyone thought things could surely get no worse, one of the severest winters for years set in. To add to the death toll from hunger, and famine related diseases, many labourers on the public works schemes collapsed and died from exposure.

Meanwhile the government continued to dally,
the starving continued to die,
and the ships laden with oats, wheat and barley continued to sail out of Irish ports
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 8:17 pm

official ships cargo records and ports landed
1845 --1849
in 1845 ............... a famine year ?

3.251,907 bushels of corn exported to Britain from Ireland
257,250 sheep ,... exported to Britain

1846
480,827 swine ,,,,, "" ........................... ""
186,483 oxen .......""..................................""
in these years Ireland was producing enough food to feed a nation
of 18 million
for every one ship that sailed towards Ireland with famine relief
six sailed to british ports
1847 the second crop failure of potatoes
........9992 calves where sent to Britain
an increase on previous yrs by 33%
4000 horses and ponies sent to Britain
all exports steadily increased in total over 3 million live animals in the yrs 1846 --50
almost 4000 vessels sailed from Ireland to ports glasgow Liverpool bristol london during 1847
during that year 400,000 irish men women and children died of starvation
most famine hit areas were
ballina ballyshannon bantry
dingle killala kilrush limerick
Sligo Tralee Westport

874170 gallons of porter ................... 1847
278 658 "" ...of Guinness ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, "
183,392 g ,,"..of whiskey...................... "
various other items included such as
peas, beans, oysters, herrings,onions ,rabbits, salmon, lard ,tongue ,
hides, bones, glue ,seeds .
butter in firkins ..............one firkin =9 galls
56,557..firkins
and this year 400 000 died of starvation
the Turkish sent £10 , 000 in famine relief cash directly by ship to Ireland , it was diverted to London
every concieveable item used in food production or to eat directly taxed to the hilt or sent to Britain under armed guard

Glasgow Liverpool Swansea Cardiff London
ships docking cargo and records kept by british museum
FAMINE ? don't think it was

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSun Jan 25, 2015 8:29 pm

Emigrants Daughter

Oh please ne'er forget me though waves now lie o'er me
I was once young and pretty and my spirit ran free
But destiny tore me from country and loved ones
And from the new land I was never to see.
A poor emigrant's daughter too frightened to know
I was leaving forever the land of my soul
Amid struggle and fear my parents did pray
To place courage to leave o'er the longing to stay.

They spoke of a new land far away 'cross the sea
And of peace and good fortune for my brothers and me
So we parted from townland with much weeping and pain
'Kissed the loved ones and the friends we would ne'er see again.
The vessel was crowded with desperate folk
The escape from past hardship sustaining their hope
But as the last glimpse of Ireland faded into the mist
Each one fought back tears and felt strangely alone.

The seas roared in anger, making desperate our plight
And a fever came o'er me that worsened next night
Then delirium possessed me and clouded my mind
And I for a moment saw that land left behind.
I could hear in the distance my dear mother's wailing
And the prayers of three brothers that I'd see no more
And I felt father's tears as he begged for forgiveness
For seeking a new life on the still distant shore.

Oh please ne'er forget me though waves now lie o'er me
I was once young and pretty and my spirit ran free
But destiny tore me from country and loved ones
And from the new land I was never to see.
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 12:14 am

they dubbed it "free market" while in fact it was stealing at gunpoint :(

the continued use of the term in this askew sense is maybe the most effective rhetoric to turn people away from the insight what freedom really means.
Misspellings are *very special effects* of me keyboard

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 2:10 am

report from Ballina
June 1849
CONDITION OF THE POOR

Each day that passes over us presents new pictures of the dire distress which the poor of this ill-fated country are enduring. We learn that in the Nenagh union a whole family-consisting of a man, his wife, and their two children-existed an entire week on the carcass of an ass! In a Christian country-a country linked to the most prosperous and the wealthiest nation in the world, how long will such a state of things be allowed to continue? But why look for instances of this description out of our own neighbourhood, which at the present moment abounds with misery and destitution of the most fearful nature? As a proof of this assertion, we cannot do better than lay before our readers the following, and which we pledge ourselves to be correct in every particular. A wretched looking boy tottered into our office a few days since, carrying on his back a basketful of turf, which, he protested, he brought three miles. Never shall we forget the pitiable expression of the poor lad's countenance when he beseeched us to give him one half-penny for his load, to buy milk for his little sister, who, to use his own simple language, "was too far gone to eat the dry stirabout." He as asked why he did not bring his ass with two baskets, for which he would receive double the amount, and his modest reply was," Ah, sir, I would be ashamed to tell you what we have done with the ass; don't ask me." Any one, having the slightest knowledge of the real state of things in this locality, may easily comprehend what was the fate of the luckless animal.
Now, let it for a moment be imagined that this is a coloured story, or that we write for the purpose of bringing into disrepute or obloquy any one connected with the administration of poor law relief in this union. Far from it, being well aware that no men could do more-so far as their duties permit.-to alleviate the sufferings of those committed to their care than has been done, and in doing, by the gentlemen to whom the affairs of the union are entrusted. But our object in bringing forward these cases of human suffering is, in the hope that some remedial measures may be adopted to arrest the rapid march of death by starvation, and prevent a recurrence of those revolting and shocking acts to which the poor are driven.
If the administrators of affairs in Ireland have the devastation of this unhappy country in view, they are slowly, but not the less surely, gaining their unhallowed object. The drugs of these quacks are, with deadly certainty, doing their work; and many are the victims who, in their sore distress and in their prolonged death struggles, curse the authors of so much misery. When the Almighty in his infinite wisdom, smote the staple food of the country, the chastisement has been religiously submitted to; but when affliction is added to affliction, how can patience endure? If charity will have us believe that all has been done with a benevolent object, experience has proved the utter inefficiency of the remedies applied.
The instance of cannibalism given by the Rev. Mr. Anderson has been no matter of great surprise to us , who daily see the skeletons prowling about and picking up what, in other times, dogs alone would not eat. We have seen, with sickening feelings, the other day, a young woman stoop down and suck up a portion of a broken egg which was mixed with the mud in the street. She evidently endeavoured to avoid observation, and blushed at what hunger had compelled her to do. Half-starved creatures frequently may be seen groping in the river for the entrails which are thrown from the shambles, and scraping up the filthiest offal. But this is too distressing a subject on which to enlarge. Privation has corrupted the morals of the people, and property of any description is not safe from the hands of robbers. The parents steal and teach their children to do likewise. When relief is asked the applicant is desired, very unnaturally, to go to the Workhouse or to the Relieving Officer, as the only resource, theft or deception is resorted to. Habits of indolence are fast gaining upon the people, arising from insufficiency of employment and the injurious working of the Poor Law. Such is the degrading state into which the people are sinking and such the fatal consequences of mal-administration.
While all this is going on in Mayo-while human beings are dropping dead on the road-side from exhaustion-while "death by famine," in the words of the Morning Chronicle, "is doing more execution in Ireland than all the wars which are now desolating Europe"- thirty-six thousand two hundred and eighty-eight pounds are voted for the new building of the British Museum! A few years since one million sterling was expended in the excavation of a basin in Devonport dockyard, which is now, to save the cost of finishing it, about being re-filled; and, though last not least, the town council of Doncaster votes a thousand sovereigns to the next race fund!
We wind up with an extract from the evidence of Mr. O'Shaughnessy, Assistant Barrister for this county, given before the Commons Poor Law Committee:-
"The peasantry of the county with which he stands judicially connected had really no alternative but the commission of crime. In passing, along the roads; in going from one town to another, it was quite afflicting to see the state of the children-they were nearly naked, with a few rags upon them; their hair standing on an end from poverty; their eyes sunken; their lips pallid, and nothing but the protruding bones of their little joints visible. I could not help exclaiming as I passed them, 'AM I LIVING IN A CIVILIZED COUNTRY AND PART OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 2:13 am

coffins were used over and over again the bodies just
slid out the bottom into a pit with the hundreds of others,
into mass graves of which there are thousands
often coffins held 2 ,3 or 4 emaciated starved to death bodies
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 2:55 pm

Famine Ship, The
Adrian Fox

Like a funeral cortege in Dublin
Maynooth and Mullingar,
The Famine ship came sailing
Through Longford and Castlebar.
It anchored just off Clew Bay
At the foot of the pilgrim hill,
Disturbing the red marrow soil
A plough in a furrowed drill.

The sculptured bones are flowers
From the spuds of our blighted past
Dead but not forgotten
In the hull of Erins mast.

Like a poppy in a wilderness
A single tear upon the soil
The souls of a million dead
Flow through this mortal coil.
The artists indentations scarred
Like wounds on Irelands cries
Melting from a candles prayer
In the tear ducts of our eyes.

The sculptured bones are flowers
From the spuds of our blighted past,
Dead but not forgotten
In the hull of Erins mast.

We have no pangs of hunger now
And no wish to leave our land
But deep down within our hearts
Are the bones revealed in sand.
We are they´re living souls
Layered flesh upon the bone
Nourished on Irelands suffering
Our bellies will never groan.

The sculptured bones are flowers
From the spuds of our blighted past
Dead but not forgotten
In the hull of Erins mast.

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 2:58 pm

skin and bone dressed in rags they dropped
along the roads they were made to dig for a bit of bread
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Jan 26, 2015 11:25 pm

The following circular, written by the Rev. Mr. CORKRAN, and intended to be sent to friends in England, will afford the reader a painful but correct picture of the state of his unfortunate parishioners :—
Ballyfeard, Carrigaline, Cork, Jan. 26, 1847.
May I beg your charitable and energetic interference with your Relief Committee in favor of the starving poor of the Union of Tracton, barony of Kinalea, County of Cork.
The district subject to the Ballyfeard Relief Committee, of which I am a member, comprises a territory of three miles radius (ever remarkable for the cultivation of potatoes,) it contains 1200 destitute subjects for relief, each on average having five in family. Of these 700 are employed on the public works, earning from 4s. to 6s. per week, and paying 2s. 9d. per stone for Indian Corn Flour. Life thus sustained is but a protracted death.
The destitute unemployed on the Public Works, are in a state of appalling misery, which I will not, because I could not, describe. They are to my own knowledge frequently without tasting food for 48 hours, and then glad to get raw turnips, cabbage, or sea-weed, which they greedily devour.
Some sustain life by visiting in troops the houses of the gentry, some by casual charity, some by plunder. Our Union Workhouse is full. The weekly average of deaths in my parishes, from slow starvation is four ; three such cases occurred this day, namely—Denn, of Faranbuen, Cummins, of Ballinvulling, and Lyons, of Ballingarry. The last (an able-bodied young man, aged 27) applied to our committee yesterday for work, after a hard competition he succeeded in getting it, went home, and died of starvation, (since I wrote the above, a Coroner's jury has declared it starvation.) I have established two soup kitchens in these parishes, which I must speedily close for want of means ; if your committee aid me to support them they may save the lives of hundreds of their fellow-subjects, who are not without claims on British benevolence, and whose terrific misery is not of their own creation.
I have the honor to be, yours very truly,
CORNELIUS CORKRAN,
Union of Tracton

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostTue Jan 27, 2015 2:40 am

STARVATION- CORONER'S INQUEST- An inquest was held at Ardnaree, on yesterday, before MEREDITH THOMPSON, Esq. Coroner for county Sligo, on the body of a man named THOMAS MUNALLY of Cloonislane. From the evidence adduced it appeared that the deceased and his family, consisting of a wife and eight children, have been in extreme destitution for several weeks; they had pawned their entire clothing, and all other available articles, for the purpose of purchasing food. On last Friday morning the deceased proceeded to join a working party under the drainage, when, after working for a short period, he dropped, down from exhaustion in consequence of want of food, and shortly after expired. The jury unanimously found the following verdict-"Death from starvation."
By a letter received from a highly respectable and trustworthy gentleman in Ballinrobe, we learn that affairs in that locality are wearing a frightful aspect. He says that if some prompt measures are not adopted, starvation, coupled with cholera, will cut off seven-eighths of the people. "It is not an unusual thing," observes our correspondent, "for three human beings to be huddled into one coffin together, and thrown into a hole, not more than three feet deep." He describes the town, and indeed, the neighbourhood altogether, as being in a most filthy state, heaps of loathsome stuff are to be seen in all directions

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostTue Jan 27, 2015 2:44 am

even the sweepings from the floor done them to death Mayo 1849


CASTLEBAR UNION- The Rev. M. Curly, R.C.C., Castlebar, having been informed a short time since that the out-door paupers of the Ballyhane electoral division, in the above union, were dying from the use of food distributed amongst them by the Relieving officer, paid a visit to the relief depot, and took therefrom a sample of the meal alleged to be issued, which he transmitted to ENEAS MCNONNELL, a Mayo gentleman residing in London. Mr. MacDonnell submitted the sample to the inspection of several eminent merchants and corn-factors in London, who were unanimously of opinion that it was not only unfit for human food, but that in fact it would not be good for swine! For the sake of humanity were are happy to find that this statement is not altogether correct, which appears from a sworn declaration made by one of the parties implicated, and a portion of which we annex:-
"*** Deponent saith that after the distribution of the said meal, a few pounds thereof remained on hand, consisting of the sweepings of the floors, counters, &c, which was placed upon a wooden dish upon a shelf in deponent's kitchen, and from which the sample alluded to was taken by the Rev. Michael Curley, in the absence of deponent, as he had heard and believes. Saith that the sample so taken is not a fair specimen of the meal distributed
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostWed Jan 28, 2015 2:52 pm

Aoife » Sun Jan 25, 2015 11:14 pm wrote:they dubbed it "free market" while in fact it was stealing at gunpoint :(

the continued use of the term in this askew sense is maybe the most effective rhetoric to turn people away from the insight what freedom really means.


Very true aoife
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostWed Jan 28, 2015 2:53 pm

Jesus the saddest tales ever told and it happened to our ancestors .. Unbelievable they wud make a comedy out of such horrendous suffering on our people :|
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostWed Jan 28, 2015 4:36 pm

death by starvation


DEATHS FROM HUNGER.
——————
An inquest was held on Monday last, before Francis Twiss, Esq., Coroner, on the body of a poor labouring man, named John Botend, of Ballireanig, to the west of Dingle, who fell on the new road there making, and expired immediately after being carried to his residence. The verdict was “he came by his death from hunger and cold.”
On Tuesday, the following day, an inquest was also held on the body of John Browne, Kilquane, who died on the road from Tralee through Littlerough to Dingle on Monday last, as he was on his way from the Workhouse at Tralee to Dingle—fell on the road and was taken into a farmer's house at Kilcummen—and expired in a few hours after. The Verdict was “that John Browne, being in the Union Workhouse and making his way home to Dingle, a distance of over 30 miles, died of fatigue and weakness.” —Kerry Examiner.
STARVATION.—Thursday last Mr. Atkinson, coroner, held an inquest on the body of Thomas Hopkins, at Rathnagh, near Crossmolina, county Mayo. Patrick Langan, son-in- law to the deceased, deposed that the family consisted of five children, himself, his wife, and deceased, and that they had been for the last six weeks subsisting on a scanty morsel of food on some days, and on others were obliged to remain without it ; witness is certain that want of food was the cause of death. Dr. M'Nair examined the body, and corroborated the testimony of the witness, and the jury returned a verdict accordingly.
ANOTHER DEATH FROM STARVATION.—On Wednesday last a poor man named Williams, from the neighbourhood of Foxford, left his residence for the purpose of seeking admission into the Swinford poor-house ; when he had proceeded about half way he sunk exhausted from hunger, and after having been conveyed into a neighbouring house he expired. Such is the fearful destitution prevalent in that district that there was nearly 200 paupers more in the Swinford union workhouse than the house was intended to contain.—Mayo Constitution.

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostWed Jan 28, 2015 4:48 pm

prices low in London for the best quality
whilst in Ireland far higher and scarce

Examiner, 29 May 1846.]
The price of the 4lb bakers loaf in Limerick is 8½d while in London it is only 6d to 7d for the best. Only twenty-three loads of potatoes at market the entire of last week, and but eight of these sound. Price is 1s 1d to 1s 4d per stone! The market price this time last year was 3d to 3½d per stone.—Limerick Chronicle.


ANY SCRAPS OF FOOD COLLECTED TO MAKE A GRUAL FOR THE HUNGRY

S O U P ... D E P O T S .
——————
IT will be perceived, on our advertising columns, that the charitable of the community are invited to aid the soup caldrons established in the city. All housekeepers should remember that the smallest contributions from their kitchens and pantries—matters of slight consideration individually—would, in the aggregate contents of the soup-boiler, be of the greatest value. Nothing in the shape of aliment will come amiss to it ; nothing so trifling that it will not be received with welcome and thankfulness. Let our friends remember this ; and the warmth and comfort that may be daily dispensed to thousands by their humane and christian co-operation

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostThu Jan 29, 2015 1:03 am

TURNIPS INSTEAD OF POTATOES

As turnips made a prominent feature in the absence of their predecessors, the potatoes, during the famine, they should not be overlooked in the annals of that history. They were to the starving ones supposed to be a "God-send," and were eaten with great avidity, both cooked and raw. Many of the cabiners could get but little fire, and they cooked only the tops, while the bottoms were taken raw; those who had no shelter to cook under could not well eat the tops, though they often tried to do so. It has been ascertained that turnips contain but from ten to fifteen parts of nutriment to a hundred parts, thence the quantity necessary to nourish the body must require bulk to a great amount.

This root, when boiled, has ever been considered as safe a vegetable for the invalid as any in the vocabulary of esculents; and even the fevered invalid, when prohibited all other vegetables, has been allowed to partake of this, not because of its nutrition, but because of the absence of it, not having sufficient to injure the weakest body. When it was found that turnips could be so easily grown, and that no blast had as yet injured them, they were hailed with great joy by the peasants and by the people. But the starving ones soon found they were unsatisfactory, for when they had eaten much more in bulk than of the potato they were still craving, and the result was, where for weeks they lived wholly on them, their stomachs were so swollen, especially children's, that it was a pitiable sight to see them. No one thought it was the turnip: but I found in every place on the coast where they were fed on them the same results, and as far as I could ascertain, such died in a few weeks, and the rational conclusion must be, that a single root, so innutritious and so watery as the white turnips are, cannot sustain a healthy state of the system, nor life itself for any considerable time. When going through the Barony of Erris, the appearance of these turnip-eaters became quite a dread. Invariably the same results appeared wherever used, and they became more to be dreaded, as it was feared the farmer would make them a substitute for the potato, and the ingenious landlord would find a happy expedient for his purse, if his tenants could live on the turnip as well as the potato. Like cattle these poor creatures seemed to be driven from one herb and root to another, using nettles, turnip-tops, chickweed, in their turn, and dying at last on these miserable substitutes. Many a child sitting in a muddy cabin has been interrogated, what she or he had eat, "nothing but the turnip, ma'am," sometimes the "turnip-top;" and being asked when this was procured, sometimes the answer would be, "yesterday, lady," or, "when we can get them, ma'am."

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostThu Jan 29, 2015 1:57 am

Treated worse than cattle poor sods
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostThu Jan 29, 2015 2:00 am

Tricia » Thu Jan 29, 2015 1:57 am wrote:Treated worse than cattle poor sods


worse horrors they were eating dogs that were skin and bone and those dogs where scavenging on poorly buried bodies of the deceased from starvation buried in multiple grave sites and near to the surface
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostThu Jan 29, 2015 2:06 am

Jesus eating their own and didn't know it or have a choice
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostFri Jan 30, 2015 12:48 pm

RATHCORMAC AND GURTROE DISTRICT.
————————————
HUNDREDS OF ITS INHABITANTS IN
ABSOLUTE DANGER OF STARVATION.
————————————
TO THE EDITOR OF THE CORK EXAMINER.
DEAR SIR—In my former communication I attempted to direct your most earnest attention to the extreme and wide-spread destitution which prevails in this locality— and promised to state some facts illustrative of the sad and sickening scenes of starvation, pestilence and death which are making a frightful progress. It would be unwarrantable to trespass unnecessarily upon the already crowded columns of your journal. I shall therefore endeavour to be plain and succinct.
All our calamities can be directly traced to the want of timely and extensive employment. I am in a position to prove that in the parish of Rathcormac, exclusivley of Gurtroe, there are 4,000 human beings entirely depending for subsistence upon daily wages. Work for 337 men has been obtained on roads—and as I remarked in a former letter, there is not a man engaged in the fields. Starvation, pestilence, and death are and must be the inevitable consequence. The melancholy truth is frightfully exemplified in the following cases :—
John Walsh of Knocknilboulig, with his wife and four children, all attacked with dysentery. The Rev. Mr. O'Donovan, P.P., found them stretched on some filthy moist straw, with no covering beyond the remnant of an old rug, and the wretched rags which they wore by day. When first seen they had been thirty-six hours and tasted nothing but cold water. The floor from the nature of the disease they were affected with was in such a state that too minute description would be downright disgusting.
James Mackey of Barrynihash, whose wife was sick of fever, complained of headache—his legs all swollen and numerous small blisters on them—was one of a great number of men, who in consequence of a line of road being closed, were thrown out of work, and several weeks elapsed before employment could be obtained for them. Being in the mean time obliged to subsist upon small quantities of turnips and other very inferior food, their constitutions were so worn, that when work was obtainable they became totally unable to struggle against the bad weather to which they were exposed on the roads.
Denis Sullivan of Glenigaul was similarly circumstanced —for five weeks he supported himself, his wife and six children by begging—five of his famishing children got sick of low fever—three died within seven days—the fourth is not likely to survive many hours—a greater picture of human misery could not be seen than their father, scarcely able to crawl, with his legs all swollen, supporting himself with a spade handle, bearing on his back, tied with a suggaun, the wretched coffin which contained the remains of his child, to the nearest churchyard.
The Widow Doyle, of Readothigh, is another instance, though unfortunately not an extraordianry one, of the starvation and pestilence which actually threaten to desolate the district. The Rev. Mr. O'Donovan found her and her four children in burning fever, huddled together in a rotten sop of straw, nearly naked. The rain came down in torrents through the thatch. There was not a spark of fire in the miserable hovel. They had not tasted food for three days. The dread of contagion frightened the neighbours from visiting them. The father of this family was the very first victim of starvation in the parish.
These are a few amongst several melancholy cases wtih which I have been acquainted. They will suffice to convey an idea of the condition of the peasantry. I could adduce one hundred other cases, equally mournful, and resulting from a similar cause. But the misery and degradation which they would depict, could present no distinguishing features from those I have detailed. There is famine and disease almost in every house. The fever hospital, which was built to accomodate fifteen patients, has thirty creatures crammed into it ; fifty or sixty have been sent to our alarmingly crowded Workhouse. It is impossible to predict where the calamity is to terminate.
Our local exertions, the contributions of Landlords connected with the district, and the efforts of the Relief Committee to alleviate the awful distress, are interesting subjects, which I trust will be elucidated by some other pen.
I remain, dear Sir, most respectfully, P.
Rathcormac, Jan. 31st, 1847

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostFri Jan 30, 2015 12:51 pm

DEATHS FROM STARVATION IN THE CITY.
C O R O N E R ' S I N Q U E S T .
——————
ALTHOUGH it has been our sad duty to record numerous “deaths from starvation,” which have of late given so awful a notoriety to the south and west of the County of Cork, still we have not, ere the present time, in the performance of our melancholy avocation, been compelled to chronicle the fact that two deaths from the want of the merest necessities of life, have occurred in our city within the few preceding days—the undoubted and unimpeachable verdict of a Coroner's Jury attesting to the truth of this startling and truly horrifying fact. An inquest was held on Monday last at one o'clock, in the Shandon Guard House, before Mr. Coroner Jones and a most respectable Jury, on view of the bodies of two young boys, named Denis and John Crowly, who were found dead on Sunday morning in a garret, situate near the Old Market Place, off Mallow Lane, in our City.
Mathias Crowly, a ghastly and famished-looking poor wretch, about 40 years of age, and apparently once of large and robust frame, but now reduced by hunger, and cold, and other privations, almost to a skeleton, was sworn and examined, and deposed as follows :—Denis and John Crowly, the deceased boys, were his children ; they were aged resepctively three and five years ; before he came to Cork lived in the parish of Glountane, near Mallow, in this County ; had left it more than three months ago for want of anything to earn and came to Cork from hearing the report “that there was plenty to earn there ;” held no ground in Glountane ; his wife and four children two of whom are since dead, came with him to Cork, and was some days without eating a meal ; his wife and children had no means of support except from him, or whatg they sometimes picked up by begging ; after he came to Cork his wife and children went into the Workhouse ; but she stopped there only for three or four days, as Denis Crowly was ill when she went in, and was threatening to show the small pox, and the women there told her if she did not remove them “that they would all die upon her ;” that was more than three weeks ago, since which time he did not get a day's work, and for the three months that he was in the city, only was employed for 7 days ; his son John, after bein removed from the Workhouse, shewed the small pox ; a doctor came to see him one day, but told his wife that he could not do anything for him ; the wife was not able to go out to beg for some weeks, as she had to mind the children, who were so ill ; used to get, after being out all the day, only three half-pence, and sometimes two pence, with which he bought bread to feed a family of six in number ; upon his oath did not get one good meal for the last month, before the one he got the previous night from the police ; seldom got even a bad meal more than once a day, nor did his wife or children get enough to last ; often stinted himself, so that the children should have the more ; Denis was recovered from the small pox more than a week before his death, and was able to eat if he got it ; the other child had the same disease previous to his death ; frequently heard deceased saying “they were dying of the hunger ;” had no bed, and all slept together ; had no covering except an old thin quilt ; had to lie down on the floor upon a little sop of straw ; Denis died on Friday morning, and his brother died on the following morning.
Dr. W. Beamish being sworn, deposed that he had examined the two bodies ; the younger one had some small pox pustules out on him ; they both presented the appearance of emaciation to the greatest extent he had ever witnessed ; there were no marks of violence on either body ; made a dissection of the younger, and examined the stomach, which he found contracted, and totally destitute of every appearance of food ; the intestines presented no appearance of disease ; the omentum was completely deficient ; and there was not a particle of fat to be discovered on any part of the body ; from the appearance had no doubt in his mind that the cause of death was from starvation.
In answer to the Coroner, Dr. Beamish said that although he had not made a post mortem examination on the other body, yet from the external appearances, he had no hesitation in saying that the death of the second boy was caused by the same as the other, namely, want of proper food.
Dr. Beamish further added, that of the two children yet living, one was afflicted with the small pox, and the other was very emaciated, and that something should be done for them quickly. In conclusion, the learned gentleman stated that in the whole course of his professional career, where he was often necessitated to visit the most wretched abodes of misery, that he never saw anything he could compare to the sight that met him on entering the miserable place where the bodies lay.
Head Constable Ewen Porter, of the Shandon station, in compliance with the wish expressed by the Jury, was next sworn and examined, and deposed as follows—On Sunday morning at half past ten o'clock, a man came to the station, and informed him that there were two children dead, near the Old Market Place, and enquired of him how he could procure the price of a coffin, as he was totally destitute ; went up to the place and saw the two children dead ; it was in a wretched garrett, in an old house, about nine feet by seven ; there was not a stick of furniture to be seen ; neither was there fire nor a single particle of food in the place ; the two children yet alive were lying on the floor on a sop of straw covered by an old quilt, the head of one of them being in close contact with the feet of its dead brother ; the dead children had only their day clothes on, which were in a most ragged state ; the man who called on him at the station, was present with his wife and whom he knows now to be the father of the boys ; enquired of him whether he had any food and he replied not, and stated that he, his wife and the four children were obliged, for warmth, to sleep together on the same little handful of straw ; brough the man down to the Lower Shandon Soup Depot, and got him 7 quarts of soup, giving also one shilling to the wretched wife to buy bread ; a gentleman, who was there at the time, Mr. James Hegarty, gave her some money also the Rev. Mr. Russell visited the place also with him and remarked to him, on coming out, “that no such case occurred even in Skibbereen ;” acting on the advice of the Rev. Mr. Foley, he attended on the previous day a meeting that was held at the Shandon Station, and the gentlemen present subscribed money very liberally, with which he relieved on that day over 180 persons ; never saw such destitution in his life ; but in all cases they were from the county ; thought it right, from the awful circumstances atending the present case, to call the Coroner's attention to it.
Sergeant Gale also detailed several cases of the most fearful destitution, which had come under his own observation, and Mr. John Gallway requested of him to inform him of the names and residences of the parties, that he might bring the cases before the Society, to which he belonged—he meant the admirable Society of Saint Vincent de Paul, which he knew, although they had but limited funds, would endeavour to mitigate such fearful misery.
The Coroner briefly summed up, calling their attention to the nature of the testimony of the Doctor, when the Jury, without the least hesitation, returned the following verdict :—“That we find that the said Denis and John Crowly came to their deaths from the want of the common necessities of life.”
The gentlemen comprising the Jury, who expressed several times during the investigation, their anxiety that the details should go fully before the public, that something must be done to arrest such fearful destitution as that elicited before them that day, subscribed most liberally before they retired, for the relief of poor Crowly and his family, and the Coroner made an award of Ten Shillings for the same charitable purpose, the money to be entrusted to Sergeant Porter.

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostSat Jan 31, 2015 12:48 am

the imbalance says it all

31 December 1847

IMPORTS OF PROVISIONS.
———————————
The following have been entered at the Custom-House for the past week :—Indian corn, 5040 quarters ; flour, 100 sacks ; bread, 200 bags ; rice, 60 bags ; wheat 50 sacks ; cheese, 29 baskets.
———————————
EXPORTS OF PROVISIONS.
———————————
For past week :—Butter, 8081 firkins ; oats, 3623 barrels, 616 sacks ; oatmeal, 65 barrels, 38 sacks ; bacon, 270 bales ; pork, 92 barrels ; provisions, 145 tierces, 194 barrels ; hams, 11 hhds ; Wheat, 661 barrels, 300 sacks ; flour, 132 sacks ; bread, 711 bags ; rye meal, 35 sacks ; eggs, 262 boxes ; fowls, 49 boxes, 20 baskets ; sprats, 29 boxes ; fish, 32 boxes. Head of cattle, 252 ; sheep, 100 ; pigs, 310.

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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Feb 02, 2015 1:47 pm

blight the plant leaves turn black and wither
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Re: IRELAND FAMINE HOLOCAUST GENOCIDE

PostMon Feb 02, 2015 3:35 pm

Great reading in these posts...sad but true facts
My ipad controls my spellings not me so apologies from it in advance :) lol

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